(Studies in the Book of Acts)
EAGLE BIBLE SERIES

Chapter 6
Witness in Samaria
Acts 8:4-40

The death of Stephen signaled the close of one stage in the development of the Christian church and set into motion two others. In Acts 1:8 Jesus had said, "You shall be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria and to the end of the earth." After Stephen's death, the believers were scattered, driven by persecutors who pursued them. One of the most active of these persecutors was Saul. The disciples had lost much of the popular favor that had restrained the Jewish leaders. Stephen was not the only Christian killed; many suffered acts of cruelty.

The believers, however, were not driven by persecution alone. They went also to preach the Word (8:4). Philip (not the apostle, but one of the seven chosen earlier) went to Samaria to preach Christ. The Word and Christ were used interchangeably, a fact which calls to mind John 1, written later.

In Samaria the crowds listened to Philip, saw the healings being performed, and responded to his message with joy. There in Samaria both physical and spiritual healing resulted.

Philip preached the good news of the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ. In his preaching and healing he upstaged the local magician, a man named Simon. Simon, who had proclaimed himself to be someone great, was overwhelmed by Philip's ministry. There were many persons like Simon in the ancient world, persons who made their living reading the stars, telling fortunes, or performing feats of magic. One might say that society hasn't changed much in this regard in twenty centuries.

Some of these magicians were deluded enough to believe in their own powers. This could have been Simon's case, but Luke implies that he genuinely believed Philip's message. When he saw the healings by the laying on of hands, he wanted this kind of power. Obviously, Simon was interested in personal power that would bring him glory. How different he was from the apostles, who gave God all the glory for miracles! Peter, who had joined Philip, responded to Simon's offer of money by denouncing him and calling for his repentance. A thoroughly shaken Simon begged for mercy. Poor Simon was overimpressed by the spectacular! He is reminiscent of the seed that fell on rocky soil in Jesus' parable. Lacking root, he quickly fell to the temptation to impress with magic rather than recognize the simple yet profound truth the Apostles preached-that God is a loving Father seeking to redeem his estranged children. He is symbolic of those whose faith is built upon manifestations of the extraordinary-indeed a shallow foundation for belief.

"The Jews Have No Dealings with Samaritans"

Consider the meaning of Jews' preaching to Samaritans. This act had far more than mere geographical significance. To understand it well, one must be aware of the nature of prejudice as it invades human thinking. Prejudice is a cancer of the spirit that eats away at one's ability to love or to accept others different from oneself. Prejudice acts in ignorance of the facts.

The city of Samaria was some forty-two miles north of Jerusalem on the road leading to the Valley of Esdraelon. Located near the twin peaks of Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it was the capital of the area by the same name.

When the united kingdom was divided into two, Samaria was made the capital of the north by Omri, father of the infamous Ahab. As capital of the north, Samaria experienced great enmity with Jerusalem, capital of the south. Thus began the hatred and prejudice that existed between the Jews and the Samaritans.

To the Jews, the Samaritans were impure descendants of foreigners brought in when the Assyrians overran the northern kingdom. The Jews saw them as an unrecognizable mixture, whitewashed heathens. They were unwanted cousins.

The Jews called them "lion converts," only one step better than Gentiles. When Jews traveled north, they would cross the Jordan and bypass Samaria.

Jesus, too, took this circuitous route occasionally. He, however, did not avoid Samaria. His long dialogue with the Samaritan woman of Sychar was at Jacob's well in Samaria. Luke 17:11-19 tells that when Jesus healed the lepers, the one grateful one was a Samaritan. When a Samaritan village refused to receive Jesus, he did not rebuke them, but rather He rebuked his disciples for suggesting a harsh attitude toward the Samaritans (Luke 9:51-56). Of course, one of Jesus' most beautiful parables (Luke 10:25-37) was of the good Samaritan who displayed great compassion.

The Samaritans proclaimed themselves legitimate descendants of ancient Israel. The true "chosen place" in the law of Moses, according to them, was Mount Gerizim. They believed that when Ezra returned to Jerusalem from Babylon, he "falsified" the text to encourage the people to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem.

In actuality, the Jewish-Samaritan conflict was the continuation of the long-standing feud between Israel, the northern kingdom, and Judah, the southern kingdom. The truth lay somewhere between the two extreme views.

Both were partly right, but neither was willing to concede anything to the other.

Thus, prejudice ruled, one of the greatest "demons" of the human mind. Prejudice is judgment based on partial truths. It is being willing to believe the worst without trying to discover the truth. It is categorizing people in any way into "we" and "they," allowing a lack of knowledge to lead to lack of understanding, fear, hostility, and enmity. It is a bitter divisiveness arrived at step by step, so subtly that the truth has been blurred in the process.

To whom does the Church witness? Does it legitimately eliminate those who are different? Can we afford to isolate ourselves into religious ghettos-ghettos of the mind and of the sprit?

This chapter in Acts is of great significance to the history of the Church. It demonstrates that the Church was not merely a Jewish sect; it was becoming a world-wide community of faith. No one was to be excluded from eligibility. Acts 9:31 and 15:3 speak of the growth of the early church in Samaria.

"Do You Understand?"

It is difficult to know whether Philip understood the worldwide mission of the Church. He was simply obedient to God's imperative to be a witness-to share the message of Christ wherever he found himself. It fell his lot to be in Samaria. He did not shrink from the task.

Having returned to Jerusalem, Philip was next assigned to take the road that leads to Gaza. He obeyed, setting out over the desert. He came upon an Ethiopian, a eunuch serving the queen of Ethiopia. The meaning of eunuch is not clear here; it may or may not refer to the castration practiced on those selected to be close attendants to a ruler. It may mean that the man was simply a "court officer." A proselyte to Judaism, the eunuch had been to Jerusalem to worship and was returning home. He had his scroll open to Isaiah 53:7-8.

Philip was prompted to join him and ask, "Do you understand what you are reading?" The eunuch was eager for someone to explain the meaning of the scroll. He was ready for Philip, and Philip was ready with the gospel.

Philip told him of the Suffering Servant, Jesus, who suffered and died for the sins of the world.

Philip must have stayed long enough to explain the meaning of faith for repentance and the importance of baptism. When by chance they came near water, the eunuch was eager to be baptized. There were no crowds, there was no fanfare, but there in the middle of the desert the miracle of the new birth took place. The ordinance of baptism, which is a witness to the world of one's new life, took place simply and without ritual, but it was a witness to the man's heart of his new relationship to God.

When they came up out of the water, Philip was caught away to Azotus, north of Gaza. He traveled on north along the coast of Caesarea, preaching the gospel as he went. The record shows that he settled in Caesarea where he subsequently had a house, a wife, and four daughters (Acts 21:8-9). The eunuch went on his way, the possessor of new insights about God, a new sense of purpose, and a radiant joy.

Chapter 7
The Conversion of Paul
Acts 9:1-31; 22:4-16; 26:9-18

The writer Luke is not so concerned with the man Paul as he is in the dramatic rise of Christianity. He is not interested in preserving the religion of Paulinism but, rather, he wants to show that here is a man who gives his allegiance to and finds power in Jesus Christ.

In Acts the reader is first introduced to Paul as young Saul (7:58; 8:1). A persecutor of Christians, he was participating in the killing of Stephen, an event that was to influence his life profoundly. It had fallen Saul's lot to hold the coats of those who were stoning Stephen, and he did this willingly.

Chapter 9 begins with Saul's continuing his dedicated persecution of those of the Way (one of the earliest names for this new teaching), men or women.

In Paul's own words (1 Corinthians 15:9; Galatians 1:13-14), he had advanced beyond Jews of his own age because of his eagerness, and he had become a leader of those persecuting the Christians. To him it was a mission, and he was dedicated to it. He testifies that he went at his mission with a passion.

As a zealous Jew, he persecuted in order to guard the integrity of the ancient Jewish law, the Torah. He saw those belonging to the Way as ones who were destroying the sacred tradition of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Moses. Reared in Tarsus, a great East-West trade center, Saul was educated at the feet of the eminent Gamaliel in Jerusalem (Acts 22:3). This provided him first with a generous education of the world and its ways, and second, with a concentration in the Jewish law that was unsurpassed. The school of Gamaliel was the finest of its day.

In this "assembly of the wise," young Saul was molded into a strict and religious keeper of the Law. To him "the holy people" were the students of the Law. To his fellow students, no doubt, he was held in high esteem as a rising star in Israel. He gave himself feverishly to the persecution of those who dared teach anything but the Law. It must be said that he was a sincere religious man in his persecution of the Christian believers.

Saul came face to face with the spirit of Jesus in the face of Stephen. No doubt that face and those words, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them," stayed with him. Could this spirit be so wrong? We know that Stephen's witness was profoundly influential upon Paul's thinking because he himself mentions Stephen later (Acts 22:19-20). It was Jesus in Stephen that haunted him. And it was Jesus who confronted him in a dramatic way as he traveled to Damascus, planning to capture Christian believers and bring them to Jerusalem for punishment. It was one assignment he was never to carry out.

The record indicates that Paul never saw Jesus in the flesh. When he wrote, "Have I not seen Jesus our Lord?" (1 Corinthians 9:1) he was speaking of that great Damascus Road experience. When he wrote regarding Christ from a human point of view (2 Corinthians 5:16), he was speaking of thinking about Christ through human understanding. Had he ever seen Jesus, he would surely have written of it. There would have been no question of his qualifying as an apostle, as in the conflict alluded to in Galatians and Corinthians. (One of the prerequisites for apostleship was firsthand acquaintance with Jesus during his earthly life.)

The paths of the two men, however, certainly had crossed many times. Saul was probably just a little younger than Jesus. They both went to the Temple at the time of the festivals. Their eyes rested on the same sights in and around Jerusalem-the same crowds, the same fruit trees. But they were strangers-until that day on the Damascus Road.

The journey of Saul from Jerusalem to Damascus is one of the most studied in history. What actually happened on that road to turn the chief persecutor of Christians into the most able and committed defender of the faith? One day he was the angry, self-righteous spokesman for the establishment; the next, he was a new man, a religious outlaw himself and a babe in an exhilarating experience that became his life passion.

The 190-mile journey from Jerusalem to Damascus by camel would normally have taken about twelve days. It could have been shortened a little by Saul's eagerness to accomplish his mission. Perhaps, as he passed through Galilee, he was aware that it was the area in which Jesus had taught. As he made his way up the long road, which finally straightened toward Damascus, he could look back at the beautiful clear view of the Sea of Galilee and perhaps beyond Capernaum and Tiberias, or he could look to his left to Mount Hermon with its magnificent grandeur and snow-white summit. What was in Paul's mind as he traveled?

As he neared Damascus, perhaps within half a mile, the event happened suddenly and quickly. In Acts 9 Luke says that suddenly a great light flashed in the sky, and Saul fell to the ground. A voice spoke, identifying itself as Jesus. Saul was told to rise and to enter the city for instructions. We are told the men with Saul were struck speechless; they heard the voice but saw no one. They led the blinded man into Damascus, where for three days he could not see; nor did he eat or drink.

In two other accounts in Acts, Paul redescribes what happened. In chapter 22 he tells the mob at Jerusalem how at noontime a great light came and a voice said it was Jesus. In this account those with him saw the light but did not hear the voice.

Again, in chapter 26, in his speech before Agrippa, Paul pictures a great light that drove them all to the ground. This time the voice is identified as speaking Hebrew. As before, it is Jesus. This time Jesus delivers a much longer speech, telling Paul that he has been appointed to serve, to bear witness to what he has seen, to lead people from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God, to experience forgiveness from their sins, and to stand with the sanctified of God.

In a few places in his letters Paul refers to his conversion experience. In 1 Corinthians 9:1 he writes, "Have I not seen Jesus our Lord?" In Galatians 1:15-16 he says that God was pleased to reveal his Son to him. He emphasizes the change that had occurred in his life because of that encounter. In 2 Corinthians 4:6 he refers to the light of "the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ."

In 2 Corinthians Paul speaks of his mystical experience. He was caught up to the third heaven, a description of the ultimate degree of ecstasy, not knowing whether he was in the body or out of it. This was a rare experience, given to only a few. But God forbid that he should boast of himself. God permitted this dramatic experience in order to prepare Paul for his unique ministry to the Gentiles. It established his credentials.

And perhaps Paul was benefited by not seeing Jesus in the flesh. If he had known Jesus as Peter did, he might possibly have had the same problem as Peter in coming to the acceptance of Gentile Christianity.

The confusion surrounding the conversion descriptions can be accounted for by its ecstatic nature. We cannot describe the event in detail, but we do know that something eternal and real took place. Paul's tremendous change illustrates that fact. On that day Paul was confronted by Jesus, whom he had been fighting. In that meeting Paul surrendered to Jesus and was dramatically changed.

In Damascus, God had already prepared a man to be a bridge for Paul from the old life to the new. Although Ananias had heard of his ferocious activities, he willingly obeyed God's command to find Paul and pray for him. Paul regained his sight, and, staying with Ananias, he began to visit the synagogue and witness to his new faith. Under the ministry of Ananias, a layman, he was baptized and received the Holy Spirit. Ananias had said to him, "The Lord Jesus . has sent me that you might regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit" (Acts 9:17).

It soon became evident that this incident was living proof of the truth of the Christian message. Soon the Jews plotted to kill him, for their great asset had become a liability.

Escaping over the Damascus city wall during the night in a basket, Paul returned to Jerusalem to meet with the disciples. They, however, were suspicious of him. God then provided another bridge. Barnabas convinced the disciples of Paul's experience and real commitment. Paul then entered into his witnessing around Jerusalem with so much vigor that he had to escape secretly to Caesarea and then Tarsus for safety. He had now embarked on the same mission of witnessing that had been Stephen's, and it would ultimately cost him his own life.

What a boost for the believers Paul's conversion was! The early church continued to grow and prosper. It is impossible to read the Acts from this point on without realizing Paul's integral role of leadership for the church.

Acts 9:31, which closes this portion of the book, may be seen as a summary statement and a transition to the next segment. With Paul's having gone to Tarsus we hear no more of him until chapter 11. Luke turns now to the activities of Peter.

Chapter 8
The First Witness to the Gentiles

Jerusalem remained the center of strategy in the movement of Christianity, but soon strong communities of the faithful were emerging in other towns and cities. The message had spread rapidly beyond Judea into Samaria, south into Ethiopia, north to Caesarea and Damascus. Soon Jerusalem was not the only chief center for the Christians. Antioch, a city filled with Greeks and Romans, joined it. Antioch was to share the attention with Jerusalem until Rome passed them both. Other key cities to follow were Alexandria and, later, Constantinople.

"God Shows No Partiality"

It is ironic that the first great thrust of Christianity to the Gentiles came not from Paul, the apostle to the Gentiles, but from Peter, the apostle of the circumcision. Tremendous changes were taking place in the mind of this man who had already undergone a metamorphosis since being Simon the fisherman. Peter had already taken the gospel into Samaria. Now we find him stretching out even further. Let us notice the progressive steps he takes toward recognizing the universality of gospel.

Acts 9 has given us Paul's journey from Jerusalem to Damascus to Jerusalem to Tarsus. Now we join Peter on his journey from Jerusalem to Lydda to Joppa to Caesarea, also very important to the outreach of the church. It began with the healing of Aeneas at Lydda. Peter's crisp statement, "Jesus Christ heals you," rescued Aeneas from eight years of bedridden paralysis. Many turned to the Lord in that town.

Knowing that Peter was nearby, believers in Joppa called for him. A kind and generous seamstress, a disciple named Tabitha (or Dorcas), had died. She was greatly mourned by the widows to whom she had been so kind. Peter came into the room where the body of Dorcas lay. It reminds us of Jesus in the house of Jairus (Mark 5:35-43), a scene that Peter had witnessed. The miracle of life occurred again, simply and quietly, but with reverberations throughout the area. Many believed.

The scene was now set for Peter's encounter with Cornelius, who represented a major breakthrough for the gospel's journey to the end of the earth. This event set the stage for Paul and others to establish strong Gentile congregations. Its significance is such that Luke gives nearly two chapters to its description.

In Caesarea there was a Roman officer named Cornelius. In Rome the name of the Cornelian house was held in honor. Probably educated in Rome, he had joined the army and had set out to seek the military glory others had found. At some point he had been introduced to the Jewish idea of God and he had become a "God-fearer," though not a full proselyte. He was a generous and devout man.

One day while he was observing the three o'clock prayer, a messenger from God appeared before him. Cornelius stared in terror. His prayers were being answered, said the messenger. He was directed to call for Simon Peter, who at that very time was staying in Joppa with Simon, a tanner who lived by the sea.

The words of verse 43 are deceptively simple. Peter was indeed at Simon the tanner's home. For him to be in such a home is interesting. The Jews had strong feelings against persons of the tanning trade, who regularly handled skins from ceremonially unclean animals. Although Simon was a Jew, he was a Jew of low order. Peter's presence there indicates a broadening of his attitude. The old Peter would not have defiled himself by staying in the home of a tanner.

On the following day Peter felt hunger during his noontime prayer. While the food was being fixed, he fell into a trance. There followed a vision of a great sheet coming out of heaven, filled with all kinds of animals, some unacceptable to Jews. Peter was told to prepare and eat the meat. The message was that whatever God has made is clean. Jewish dietary laws were no longer applicable.

The story provides many contrasts. The Roman Cornelius was in Caesarea, the modern city, built and named in the Emperor's honor. It was a splendid city filled with sailors from all over the known world, encircling the Temple of Rome and the Emperor. The Jewish apostle Peter was in Joppa, the ancient seaport associated with early Hebrew history, including the voyage of Jonah. Peter was a fisherman from Galilee, reared simply in an obscure province, and uneducated.

God was dealing with both men, preparing each of them for a meeting that was to change the world.

As Peter was trying to discover the meaning of the vision, the messengers of Cornelius arrived. As he had been directed by the Spirit, Peter agreed to accompany them the next day.

As Peter and his Jewish companies entered the room, Cornelius had such reverence for Peter that he fell down before him. A sense of religious devotion alters the customary routines of society. Here was a man esteemed by the secular crowd giving homage to a simple fisherman.

But Peter reached out and pulled Cornelius to his feet. "I, too, am a man," he said. It was a momentous meeting, each responding to the call of God, each reaching through cultural barriers to meet spiritually. They shared with each other their experiences that had brought them together. The meeting was not something that either had planned; they were operating on God's agenda.

Let us think for a moment of the barriers that faced Peter. The strictest Jews could have nothing to do with Gentiles or even with another Jew who did not keep the Law. He would never go into a Gentile home; nor would he entertain the Gentile in his. Peter faced not only the inherent barriers of habit and tradition, but also the contempt of his peers. Do not forget that these Christians were Jewish; they had not thrown away wholesale their former life. They saw the gospel to be fulfilling the Law, not abolishing it. But the meaning of Peter's vision was becoming clear.

With the crowd assembled, Cornelius asked Peter to preach. This sermon by Peter deserves close attention because it is a high-water mark in the Book of Acts. This written record must be simply a summation of all that Peter said.

"The Holy Spirit Fell"

Peter began by asserting God's impartiality. He accepts all persons alike and has provided the way of salvation for everyone, which is the good news found in Jesus Christ. Then again, Peter, as in his other sermons, pointed out the core of the good news, called the kerygma, or preaching, about Christ.

The Good News is this: (1) Jesus came from God and was filled with power. (2) Jesus' life was a ministry of healing and helping. (3) He was undeservedly killed on the cross. (4) God raised him and gave him life again even so that he ate and drank with his followers. (5) The disciples were appointed to be witnesses of those facts to all persons. (6) The meaning of all this is that anyone who believes in Jesus will receive forgiveness of sins, the promise of the Holy Spirit, and new radiant life.

Peter's message found a home in the hearts of his listeners. As they accepted the Good News, the Holy Spirit fell on them all. The Jewish believers accepted this fact with joyous surprise. Old prejudices melted as Jews and Greeks worshiped together.

In the midst of the celebration, Peter suggested a baptismal service. Christian baptismal services offer some of the warmest feelings human beings can experience. The spontaneity of this one added an additional element of joy. Peter was asked to stay for several days, which he did.

"Who...Could Withstand God?"

Peter must have expected a negative response from his brethren in Jerusalem. And he got it. True to form, they challenged him. Some of the followers of Jesus believed that he had come to rescue the lost sheep of Israel. To accept a few God-fearing Greeks was one thing, perhaps, but to allow Gentiles wholesale into the communion was quite another. Luke alludes to the "circumcision party," from whom we will hear more later. These people believed that Gentile followers of Jesus must first become Jews, the men undergoing the ritual of circumcision.

Peter, however, was ready for the investigation. How could any of them refuse to accept the miracle of God? Peter and his traveling companions told the story. Peter's emotion must have grown as he spoke, for he came to his final climactic sentence: "If then God gave the same gift to them as he gave to us when we believed in the Lord Jesus Christ, who was I that I could withstand God?" (11:17). Powerful words, indeed! Their fears were silenced and they praised God. A pivotal point in Acts had been passed. The early church was ready now to take the message to the Gentiles.

"For the First Time Called Christians"

Disciples scattered at the time of Stephen's death visited synagogues in Phoenicia, Cypress, and Antioch, preaching still primarily to Jews. In Antioch, which was Syria, non-Jews began to show interest in their preaching, and many Greeks became believers.

Now willing to accept these new brothers and sisters, the disciples in Jerusalem sent Barnabas to Antioch. Barnabas, being from Cyprus himself, was apparently considered well-suited to help these new believers, many of whom were from Cyprus. Earlier, Barnabas had bridged the gap between Saul and the skeptical Jerusalem believers. Once again, he was called to be a bridge builder.

Now Barnabas went to Tarsus to find Saul. Was he sent, or did he himself decide that it was time for Saul to come back? How long had Saul been in Tarsus? Evidence elsewhere in Acts and the epistles suggests that some years had passed. The early church was now ready for Saul, and Saul was ready to serve. Paul worked with Barnabas in the Antioch church for a year.

The growing church was losing the appearance of a Jewish sect. When Gentiles were being added in large numbers, it became apparent to the surrounding society that this new group was unlike the Pharisees, Sadducees, Herodians, Essenes, or any other of the many Jewish parties. How to identify this new group? The title "Christian" was given them, first as an expression of ridicule and derision. Unbelievers would not have applied the title "Christ" or "Messiah" to Jesus and his followers. It did not begin with the believers themselves. They spoke of themselves as "brethren, disciples, believers, and saints."

Though the title was originally one of derision, the "Christians" wore it well. It came to mean something very dear to them; they were being associated with Jesus.

It is interesting and significant that it is Antioch and not Jerusalem in which this naming first took place. It occurred in a secular Roman city, and it occurred when the Gentiles were coming into the church in great numbers. From Antioch the term thrust out into the wider world.

About this time the unconverted Jews began to enjoy greater support from the Romans. In turn, the Christians were suffering greater persecution from the Jews. James, John's brother, was killed by Herod. With the Jews' approval, Herod also arrested Peter and put him in prison again. During the night an angel rescued him, past four teams of four soldiers each One of the humorous scenes in Acts finds Peter knocking on the door of John Mark's mother's house, where the believers had been praying for him, only to have the young Rhoda run from the door when she recognized Peter's voice, failing to let him in. Peter's life was in great danger until Herod Agrippa's death in A.D. 44 brought a reprieve. 
 

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